一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
（一）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
1. 表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響。此種用法中的動(dòng)詞一般為終止性動(dòng)詞（也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞），常與just, ever, never, yet, already, before等副詞連用。
例如：
I have already seen the film.
我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了�！� （說明已知道內(nèi)容，或不想再看了）
She has just closed the door.
她剛把門關(guān)上�！� （說明門現(xiàn)在是關(guān)著的）
先將幾個(gè)副詞的用法說明如下：
1) already的意思是"已經(jīng)"。通常用于肯定句中，可放在助動(dòng)詞have/has之后，也可放在句末。在表示驚訝等的疑問句中也可用already。
例如：
Have you seen the film already?
你真的看過這部電影嗎？
2) yet用于疑問句的意思是"已經(jīng)"，用在否定句的意思是"還"，常位于句末。
just的意思是"剛剛"，表示動(dòng)作剛剛完成，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，位于助動(dòng)詞have/has之后。 要注意與just now的區(qū)別：just now的意思是"剛才"，用于一般過去時(shí)。
例如：
The train has just left here.
火車剛剛離開這兒。
The train left here just now.
火車剛才離開這兒。
3) ever 的意思是"曾經(jīng)"，多用于疑問句中，一般位于過去分詞之前。
例如：
Have you ever seen him?
你曾經(jīng)見過他嗎？
never 的意思是"從來沒有"，常用在助動(dòng)詞之后。
例如：
I have never heard of him.
我從來沒有聽說過他。
before 的意思是"從前"，泛指過去不確定的某個(gè)時(shí)間，常位于句末。
例如：
I haven't eaten Sichuan food before.
我以前從未吃過四川菜。
2. 表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，甚至還可能繼續(xù)下去，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
此用法中的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如live, study, work, be, wait, know, stay等。for為介詞，后面要接"一段時(shí)間"。since用作介詞時(shí)，后面接"時(shí)間點(diǎn)"； since用作連詞時(shí)，后面接"從句"（從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)）。
例如：
I have known Jim for two years.
我認(rèn)識(shí)吉姆兩年了。
They have lived there since1995.
從1995年以來他們就住在那兒。
Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since he came here in 1998.
王叔叔自從他1998年來這兒就在這個(gè)工廠工作。
注：延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與終止性動(dòng)詞的運(yùn)用
延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。終止性動(dòng)詞所表示的是短暫的動(dòng)作，如borrow, lend, buy, come, go, put, take, open, leave, give, die, finish, become等，不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，一般要改為能夠表示延續(xù)狀態(tài)的詞或短語。如：
buy-have borrow/lend-keep
die-be dead come/go－be
leave－be away begin－be on
join－be + 名詞/介詞短語
�。╦oin the Party = be a Party member/ be in the Party）
試比較：
他回來三天了。
He has come back for three days. (wrong)
He has been back for three days. (right)
她奶奶去世五年了。
Her grandma has died for five years. (wrong)
Her grandma has been dead for five years. (right)
3. 反復(fù)性用法，表示過去到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
我本周就到過這座城市兩次。
I have been to the city twice this week.
我一直在想她最近怎樣拿到的錢。
I have often wondered where she gets her money all these days.
�。ǘ┈F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成 。除主語是第三人稱用has外，其它人稱的主語都用have。
1. 肯定句結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+助動(dòng)詞have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其它。
例如：
She has finished her homework.
她已做完作業(yè)了。
We have cleaned our classroom.
我們已經(jīng)打掃完教室了。
2. 否定句結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+助動(dòng)詞have/has + not + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其它。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句，只需直接在助動(dòng)詞have /has 后面加上not構(gòu)成。have not 與has not 可分別縮寫為haven't與hasn't。肯定句中有already時(shí)，一般要該為yet。
例如：
They haven't spoken to a foreigner.
他們還沒有與外國(guó)人說過話。
Miss Gao hasn't come back yet。
高老師還沒有回來。
3. 一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞Have/Has+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其它?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句直接把have/has提到主語之前構(gòu)成，同時(shí)也要把句中的already該為yet�？隙ǖ暮�(jiǎn)略回答為： "Yes,主語+have/has". 有時(shí)也可用"Yes, already".否定的簡(jiǎn)略回答為"No,主語+haven't/hasn't ."有時(shí)也可用 "No, not yet./ No, never./ Not yet. "等。
例如
1. -Have you returned the book? 你把那本書還了嗎？
-Yes, I have. 是的，我還了。
2. -Have you found your lost bike yet? 你找到你丟失的自行車了嗎？
-No, not yet. 還沒有。
�。ㄈ┮话氵^去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法比較
1. 過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know；過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
3. 過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now,
in past years, always
5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。
一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，也可以表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，不涉及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，它常與表示過去的具體時(shí)間狀語連用，如：yesterday, last year, in 1998, three days ago 等�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，以及過去已經(jīng)開始并延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在有著密切的關(guān)系，因而不能與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。
6. 舉例：
I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。）
I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）
Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）
She has returned from Paris. ( 她已從巴黎回來了。)
She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回來了。）
He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）
He joined the League three years ago. （三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。）
I have finished my homework now.
-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
-He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。
�。ㄥe(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
�。▽�(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
二、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
�。ㄒ唬� 概念和形式：
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。其形式為was /were + V-ing。常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：last night, last Saturday等；或者與when, while, as引導(dǎo)的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。
例如：
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
昨天晚上七點(diǎn)到九點(diǎn)的時(shí)候我們?cè)诳措娨暋?br />
What was he researching all day last Sunday?
上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
�。ǘ┚唧w用法：
1) 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或過去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，一般要有表示過去時(shí)間的狀語。
例如：
At that time she was working in Oxford.
那時(shí)，她正在牛津大學(xué)工作。
It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning.
今天早晨六點(diǎn)鐘天正下著雨。
What were you doing when I phoned you last night?
昨晚我給你打電話時(shí)你在干什么？
2) 在含有時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)。
例如：
They were watching TV when I entered the room.
我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)，他們正在看電視。
若主句和從句的動(dòng)詞均為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，則可以兩邊都可以采用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
例如：
The children were playing with their toys while I was eating my dinner.
我吃飯的時(shí)候，孩子們?cè)谕嫠麄兊耐婢摺?br />
3) 可用來表示由過去某時(shí)持續(xù)到另一時(shí)間的過去動(dòng)作。
例如：
He was studying in Cambridge between 1999 and 2001.
在1999年和2001年那段時(shí)間，他在劍橋?qū)W習(xí)。
From January to March I was traveling in Egypt.
從一月份到三月份期間，我在埃及旅游。
這種時(shí)間狀語亦可同一般過去時(shí)連用，如：
例如：
He worked from morning till night yesterday.
昨天他從早到晚地工作。
4) 表示故事發(fā)生的背景。
It was a sunny morning. Some people were sitting on the riverbank.
Some were walking with their dogs. Several boys were playing football nearby...
一個(gè)陽(yáng)光明媚的清晨。河堤上坐著幾個(gè)人。有的人在溜狗。不遠(yuǎn)處有幾個(gè)男童在踢足球...
5）與某些動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，代替過去將來時(shí)。這類動(dòng)詞有 come來, go去, leave離開, start開始, stay逗留 等。主語必須是人。
例如：
He telephoned me, saying that his aunt was coming to see me soon.
他打電話給我，說他姨媽很快就要看我了。
注意：
�。ㄒ唬┯幸恍﹦�(dòng)詞一般不用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：如agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(擁有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。例如：
誤：I was knowing the answer.
正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。
誤：I wasn't understanding him.
正：I didn't understand him. 我不明白他的意思。
�。ǘ┻^去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別。
A. 進(jìn)行時(shí)表某一行為的"片斷"一般時(shí)表示行為的"整體"和存在的狀態(tài)。
I was reading the book at that time. (未讀完，"讀"的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已讀完，表整個(gè)"讀")
B. 一般持續(xù)時(shí)間狀語多與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用
It was raining all night.
(優(yōu)先用was raining ,rained 為持續(xù)動(dòng)詞，故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon.
(短暫動(dòng)詞與持續(xù)時(shí)間連用，表反復(fù)，連續(xù)發(fā)生，不可用一般過去時(shí))
C. while 時(shí)間狀語從句中用短暫動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
例如：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
D. While 所在主從句動(dòng)作大致持續(xù)相等時(shí)主從句一般都用進(jìn)行時(shí)，但若是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞可都用一般過去時(shí)，
兩個(gè)動(dòng)作一長(zhǎng)一短時(shí)短的用一般時(shí)，長(zhǎng)的用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.
I saw him while I was walking to the station.
三、鞏固練習(xí)
1. --- Mum, may I go out and play basketball?
--- ______you______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
2. --- ______ you ______anywhere before?
--- Yes, but I can't remember where I______
A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed
C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed
3. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice ______ he came to Yunnan.
A. after B. before C. since D. for
4. Tom ______ the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had
5. I ______ a letter from him since he left.
A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard
6. --- Have you ever ______ Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?
--- Yes, I have.
A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to
7. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming
8. --- Have you ever __________ the Great Wall?
--- Yes, twice.
A. been B. been to C. went to D. gone to
9. When Henry arrived at the bus stop, the bus ______ for two hours.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
10. I ______ the League for five years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in D. join
11. How long ________ Mr. Smith ________?
A. did; die B. was; dead C. was; dying D. has; been dead
12. When I ______ in Beijing, it was raining hard.
A. got B. reached C. arrived D. was
13. Tom ______ the car for two months.
A. has had B. bought C. has bought D. had got
14. --- How long have you ___ the book?
--- For a week.
A. borrowed B. lent C. bought D. kept
15. Hurry up! The play _ _ _ for ten minutes.
A. has begun B. has begun C. has been on D. began
16. Miss Wu has taught in the school_____.
A. since ten years B. ten years ago C. for ten years ago D. for ten years
17. David _____ China twice.
A. has been in B. has been to C. have gone D. has gone to
18. He has never visited the Great Wall, _____?
A. hasn't he B. has he C. doesn't he D. doesn't he
19.Mother ____me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well.
A. had made…have tried B. made…have tried
C. has made…tried D. made…tried
20 "He ____to draw horses already". When _____ he ?"
" Last year "
A. learned…has B. learned…did C. has learned…has D. has learned…did
21. My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding
C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding
22. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.
A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked
C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked
23.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked
C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking
24.I don't think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
25.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
26.---Hey, look where you are going! ---Oh, I'm terribly sorry.________.
A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing
C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
27. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
28. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.
A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken
29. --- "What's the matter, Ali? You look sad."
--- "Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ___ of my friends back home."
A. just thought B. have just been thinking
C. was just thinking D. have just thought
參考答案：
1-5：DBCDB 6-10： DCBCC 11-15：DCADC
16-20：BBBBD 21-25：AADBB 26-29：BADAC
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