7. This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
要點(diǎn) 該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是This trend began during the Second World War,when……。when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the Second World War.that the specific……detail是conclusion的同位語(yǔ)從句，在該從句中，主語(yǔ)是 the specific demands of its scientific establishment,that a government wants to make是 demands的定語(yǔ)從句。該定語(yǔ)從句放在其先行詞 demands和of介詞短語(yǔ)之間，造成句子的割裂。翻譯時(shí)，可把被割裂的部分還原。
譯文 這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出這樣的結(jié)論：政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。
8. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
要點(diǎn) 整個(gè)of短語(yǔ)作observations的定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于Observations of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade were made.因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，所以將其置于動(dòng)詞之后，以避免句子頭重腳輕。這樣就造成了句子的割裂，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)將被割裂的部分還原。preschool：學(xué)前的。
譯文 人們對(duì)孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)前班和小學(xué)一年級(jí)開(kāi)始時(shí)和結(jié)束時(shí)的情況都曾進(jìn)行過(guò)觀察。
9. Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。Whether to……situation是本句的主語(yǔ)，depends是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，兩個(gè)upon后面是賓語(yǔ)。availability在句中是指“測(cè)試和信息容易得到或找到”。therefore是副詞，插在depends 和upon……之間，造成它們?cè)诮Y(jié)構(gòu)上的割裂。翻譯時(shí)，可把therefore提到句首。
譯文 因此，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息，或是在某一特定情況下兩者并用，須憑從有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中得出的證據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)采用的可能性等因素。
10. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all,preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
要點(diǎn) 該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all……into a woman……。preached by……magazine是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，作the philosophy of having it all的定語(yǔ)，插在from……into之中，造成了句子的割裂。翻譯時(shí)，可把分詞短語(yǔ)譯成一個(gè)分句，其他照原文順序翻譯。
譯文 我從一個(gè)“全力以赴”的生活哲學(xué)——在過(guò)去七年里林達(dá)?凱爾西一直在《女性》雜志鼓吹這種生活方式——的積極倡導(dǎo)者，一改而成為隨遇而安的女人。
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