現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
一、知識(shí)梳理
要點(diǎn)一：
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
1.動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。I have lived in Jiangyinfor 15 years./since15 yearsago.
2.動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生并對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響。I have seen this film before.
3.某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了多次。
He has read this book three times. I have been to Beijing four times.
要點(diǎn)二：
1、
規(guī)則變化的過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去式的變化一樣，在動(dòng)詞詞尾加ed;
不規(guī)則變化的過(guò)去分詞見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表，需要同學(xué)記憶。
現(xiàn)以see the film為例將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句列表如下：
have
肯定句：I/You/We/Theyseen the film. He/She /Itseen the film.
have
否定句：I/You/We/Theynot/ haven’t seen the film.
has
He/ She/Itnot/hasn’t seen the film.
Have
疑問(wèn)句：I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they.
Has
he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it.
2、
①一般直接在詞尾加上ed。look—looked
②以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加d。move—moved③以y結(jié)尾，y前面是輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，變y為i，再加ed。carry—carried④部分動(dòng)詞需雙寫尾字母，加ed。stop—stopped
⑤不規(guī)則變化
AAB
|
原形
|
過(guò)去式
|
過(guò)去分詞
|
中文
|
|
beat
|
beat
|
beaten
|
打敗
|
ABC
|
原形
|
過(guò)去式
|
過(guò)去分詞
|
中文
|
|
be
|
was / were
|
been
|
是，在…
|
|
begin
|
began
|
begun
|
開始
|
|
blow
|
blew
|
blown
|
吹
|
|
break
|
broke
|
broken
|
破裂、折斷
|
ABB
|
原形
|
過(guò)去式
|
過(guò)去分詞
|
中文
|
|
understand
|
understood
|
understood
|
理解、明白
|
|
bring
|
brought
|
brought
|
帶來(lái)
|
|
build
|
built
|
built
|
建造
|
|
burn
|
burned/burnt
|
burned/burnt
|
燃燒
|
要點(diǎn)三：
用法：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)既涉及過(guò)去，又聯(lián)系
用法1：
常與just(剛剛)，already(已經(jīng))，never(從來(lái)沒(méi)有)，ever(曾經(jīng))，before(以前)，yet(仍然)，once(一次)，twice(兩次)，many times(很多次)，how many times(多少次)，so far(迄今為止)，during the past(last)three years(最近三年來(lái))等連用。
※副詞的位置：
just
①just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He hascome .
never
②never表示否定,放在have / has后, He hasvisited the Great Wall.
ever
③ever用于疑問(wèn)句中,句型為: Have / Has+主語(yǔ)++過(guò)去分詞?“…曾經(jīng)……過(guò)嗎?”用于詢問(wèn)某人過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷。Have youbeen to the farm?
before
④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that.
yet
⑤yet用于句末或not之后.(用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句)Has the train arrived? No, not
already
⑥already用于肯定句, have / has之后或句末.We havefinished it.
So far,
⑦so far用于句首或句末.we have visited the moon.
用法
for 19 years
①for+表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)I have taught English。
since 1986
②since+表示過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)He has been at this school.
since I was born.
③since+表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句I have lived here
since 20 years ago.
④since+一段時(shí)間+ago.I have known him
用法3：
twice
I have been to Beijing.我去過(guò)北京兩次。
twice
He has watched the film.這部電影他已經(jīng)看過(guò)兩遍了。
要點(diǎn)四：
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中
(for，since，how long, all one’s life)
用的動(dòng)詞必須是表示延續(xù)的情況或動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，即延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
。
如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。
have been
Ia teacher.has he lived here?
要點(diǎn)五：
語(yǔ)連用
。
如this morning，today，this week，these days
this year.
He has been to Beijing three times
this morning.
He has written two letters(說(shuō)話時(shí)間在上午)
this morning.
He wrote two letters(說(shuō)話時(shí)間在下午或晚上)
要點(diǎn)六：
英語(yǔ)中還有一些動(dòng)詞的意義決定它們所表示的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù)
常見的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。這些動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在，但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(how long，for，since)連用。
for two hours
He has come back.(√)He has come back.(×)
※但在否定句中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾(因?yàn)榉浅掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞的這種否定形式構(gòu)成一種狀態(tài)，而這一狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的)，如
I haven’t heard from my father for a long time.
We haven’t seen him since 1999.
【注意】：當(dāng)終止性動(dòng)詞(非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(how long，since，for，all
one’s life)相矛盾時(shí),改正錯(cuò)句的方法有如下幾種:
用副詞
(1)
two weeks ago.
He has come back for two weeks.(錯(cuò))改為:He came back(正)
ten days ago
I have lost my bike for ten days.(錯(cuò))改為:I lost my bike.(正)
用
(2)。
He has joined the League(社團(tuán))for 3 years.(錯(cuò))It is 3 years since he joined the League.
I have bought the book for 5 days.(錯(cuò))It is 5 days since I bought the book.(正)
He has died for 20 years.(錯(cuò))It is 20 years since he died.(正)
用
(3)
He has left home for 20 years.改為:Twenty years has passed since he left home.
He has lost his pen for 2 days.改為:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.
用系表結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)改寫
(4)
has been dead
He has died for 20 years.改為: Hefor 20 years.
has been open
The factory has opened since 1999.改為:The factorysince 1999.
been away
How long has he left?改為:How long has he?
用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替代非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
(5)
has had
He has bought the book for two weeks.改為:Hethe book for two weeks.
常見的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換形式如下:
keep
borrow / lend→,
have
buy/catch→,
be over
finish /stop/end→,
be on
begin / start→,
be open
open→,
be closed
close→,
be dead
die→,
be away
leave→,
be up
get up→,
be asleep
fall asleep→,
be ill
fall ill→,
Married→be married
know
get to know→,
be lost
lose→,
be
become→,
study,
begin to study→
be in / be
join→,
have a letter
receive / get a letter→,
have a cold
catch / get a cold→,
be in the army /be a soldier
join →,
be back
return / come back / get back→,
be in school / be a student
go to school→,
be in /at / be here /be there
arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→,
I havekeptthis bookfor three days.
He hashadthis carfor two years.
The film hasbeen over/onfor half an hour.
The doghas been deadfor 3 days.
My parentshas been marriedfor 15 years.
他參軍已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.(錯(cuò))改為:
has been in
Hethe army for three years / since three years ago.
has been a soldier
Hefor three years / since three years ago.
He joined the army three years ago.
It is three years since he joined the army.
Three years has passed since he joined the army.
要點(diǎn)七：
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
have/has gone to；have/has been to；have/has been in的區(qū)別
have/has gone to：已經(jīng)去了，還沒(méi)有返回;強(qiáng)調(diào)“去了”，現(xiàn)在人不在說(shuō)話的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)
have/has been to：曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了，后面可接表示“次數(shù)”的狀語(yǔ);
have/has been in：表示某人“已在某地停留一段時(shí)間，現(xiàn)仍在那里”，其后常帶表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。
①He has been to the USA three times.他到美國(guó)去過(guò)三次。(過(guò)去“到美國(guó)”，現(xiàn)在已“不在美國(guó)”)
②--Where's your mother? --你媽媽在哪?
--She has gone to thehospital. --她去醫(yī)院了。
③She has been to Shanghai only once.
④--How many times has he been there? --He's been there many times.
⑤They have been at the bus stop for half an hour.他們?cè)谲囌敬袅税胄r(shí)。(現(xiàn)在仍然在車站)
⑥We have been in Xi'an for two weeks.我們?cè)谖靼泊袅藘蓚�(gè)多星期。(現(xiàn)仍在西安)
⑦How long have they been in China?他們?cè)谥袊?guó)呆了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?(仍在中國(guó))
要點(diǎn)八：
如何通過(guò)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)做比較,進(jìn)一步掌握現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?
一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但意義卻不同.
(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在。
learned
如:Iten English songs(說(shuō)明過(guò)去學(xué)過(guò),現(xiàn)在是否記得,不是本句的內(nèi)容)
have learnt
Iten English songs.(learn發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但強(qiáng)調(diào)我現(xiàn)在懂英語(yǔ)歌曲)
cleaned
Ithe blackboard halfan hour ago.(只說(shuō)明“擦”和其發(fā)生的時(shí)間)
have cleaned
Ithe blackboard.(說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在黑板是干凈的)
has written
The teachersome new words on the blackboard(黑板上現(xiàn)在有單詞)
wrote
The teachersome new words on the blackboard(黑板上現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有單詞)
(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now,等。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以是since…,for… , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one’s life等
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