來源:網(wǎng)絡資源 2023-10-01 20:15:20
1、現(xiàn)在完成時的構成:
現(xiàn)在完成時是由“助動詞have/has+動詞過去分詞”構成的。
①助動詞have/has可以與主語縮寫為’ve/’s。
e.g. I have → I’ve We have → We’ve He has → He’s It has → It’s
②規(guī)則變化的過去分詞與動詞過去式一樣。
③不規(guī)則變化的動詞過去分詞見表。
2、現(xiàn)在完成時的基本句型。
①陳述句肯定形式。
e.g. I have had lunch.我已經(jīng)吃過午飯了。
He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。
②陳述句否定形式。(在助動詞have/has后+not,可縮寫為haven’t/hasn’t)
e.g. I haven’t had lunch.我還未吃午飯。
He hasn’t gone to Beijing.他還沒有去北京。
③一般疑問句形式及其答語。(將助動詞have/has提前,答語一般用have, has回答)
e.g. Have you had lunch?你吃過午飯了沒? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he gone to Beijing?他去過北京了沒有? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
否定回答還可以用:No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。
④特殊疑問句形式。(疑問詞+一般疑問句)
e.g. Where has he gone?他去了哪里?
3、現(xiàn)在完成時的三個基本用法。
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時的第一個基本用法表示過去發(fā)生或已完成的某一個動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。
e.g. Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. I’ve just had it.你吃過午飯沒?有,吃過了,我剛剛吃的。(影響及結果:我現(xiàn)在飽了,不需要了)
He has gone to Beijing.他已經(jīng)去北京了。(影響及結果:他人現(xiàn)在不在這里了)
該用法常already(已經(jīng)), never(從不), ever(曾經(jīng)), yet(仍然), just(剛剛), before(以前)等副詞(作狀語)連用。
①already, just, ever, never常用于助動詞之后,實義動詞之前。already, just多用于肯定陳述句。
e.g. She has already finished her work.她早已干完了活。
Would you like to go to see the film? No, I’ve seen it already.不,我已經(jīng)看過了。(already偶爾會出現(xiàn)于句末)
They have just won a game.他們剛剛贏了一場比賽。
有時already可以用于疑問句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示驚訝、意外。
e.g. Have you finished reading the book already?你真的已經(jīng)讀完這本書了?(表示驚訝)
ever多用于疑問句,問初次經(jīng)歷。
e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner?你跟外國人講過話嗎?(問初次經(jīng)歷)
never多用于否定陳述句(注:本身表示否定意義)
e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he?他從來沒有做過這樣的事,不是嗎?(否定)
②yet一般用于疑問句(已經(jīng))或否定句(還),常位于句末。
e.g. Have you got ready yet?你已經(jīng)準備好了嗎? He hasn’t finished his homework yet.他還沒完成作業(yè)。
③before一般位于句末。
e.g. I have never seen the film before.以前我從未看過那部電影。 現(xiàn)在完成時的第一種用法常與以上的副詞連用,因此這些詞有時可以作為現(xiàn)在完成時的標志詞。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時的第二個基本用法表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。該用法常和表示過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間的狀語連用。
①與for +一段時間連用,表示多久。
e.g. He has learned English for two years.他已經(jīng)學習兩年英語了。
I have been here for three days.我在這里已經(jīng)3天了。
②與since +時間(起點)連用,表示自…以來。
e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991.他爸爸自1991年以來都在這家工廠工作。
I’ve had a cold since last Friday.自上星期五起我就感冒了。
③與since +一段時間+ ago連用,表示自…以前就…。
e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago.吉姆自半個小時前就已經(jīng)在那里等候了。
He has stayed here since three weeks ago.他在這兒已呆了三個星期。
④與since +從句(從句用一般過去時)連用,表示自某事發(fā)生后就一直…。
e.g.The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China.格林一家自從來到中國后就一直住在北京。
I’ve known her since I came to work here.自從我來這里工作就認識他了。
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時的第三個基本用法表示到現(xiàn)在為止這一時期中多次動作的總和或所做過的工作的量的積累。
e.g. I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京兩次。
We’ve learnt five English songs this year.今年我們學了五首英語歌曲。
How many pages of the book have you read?這本書你讀了多少頁了?
4、延續(xù)性與非延續(xù)性動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中的使用。
(1)有一些動詞是瞬間動詞,也叫非延續(xù)性動詞,這些動詞一發(fā)生就結束了,常見的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。這些動詞雖然可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(說明某個動作的結果還存在),但由于它們不能延續(xù),因此不能跟表示一段的時間狀語連用。(也即現(xiàn)在完成時的第二個基本用法中不能使用非延續(xù)性動詞)。
e.g. Jim has come back. (正)吉姆已經(jīng)回來了。
Jim has come back for a month. (誤) come back的動作不能延續(xù)一個月,因此錯誤。
(2)瞬間動詞不可以用于有段時間的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中,因此,若要解決這一問題,就應把它改為相應的延續(xù)性動詞或短語,主要有以下幾種:
①用相應的延續(xù)性動詞
如:buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold②轉換成be+名詞
如:join → be a member of go to school → be a student③轉換成be+形容詞或副詞
如:die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed④轉換成be+介詞短語
如:come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(軍隊)
e.g. I have borrowed the book.我已經(jīng)借了那本書。
I have kept the book for two days.我已經(jīng)借那本書兩天了。
Jim has joined the band.吉姆已經(jīng)加入那樂隊了。
Jim has been a member of the band for a month.吉姆已經(jīng)加入那個樂隊一個月了。
His grandfather has died.他祖父已經(jīng)死了。
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years.他祖父已經(jīng)死了兩年了。
My father has arrived in China.我父親已經(jīng)到達中國了。
My father has been in China for a week.我父親已經(jīng)在中國一個星期了。
(3)在否定句中,非延續(xù)性動詞也可以與時間段連用。
e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year.自去年以來我就沒有在圖書館借過書。
Jim hasn’t come back for a year.吉姆已有一年沒回來了。
5、現(xiàn)在完成時的幾種常見的句型轉換。
現(xiàn)在完成時可以轉化成一般過去時,還可以轉化成“It is/has been +時間段+since從句(用一般過去時)”等句型。
e.g. Jim has been back for a month.吉姆已經(jīng)回來一個月了。= Jim came back a month ago.吉姆一個月前就回來了
= It is/has been a month since Jim came back.自吉姆回來已經(jīng)有一個月了。= A month has passed since Jim came back. I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago.
= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.
7、現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別:
現(xiàn)在完成時強調的是過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響,它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系。現(xiàn)在完成時經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)下列的標志詞。
如:already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +時間段, since +時間點或從句等。一般過去時強調的是動作發(fā)生的時間、地點,不涉及對現(xiàn)在的影響,所以凡含有表示過去的時間狀語的句子,都必須用一般過去時,不能用現(xiàn)在完成時。
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